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When an industrial measurement arrives, what do you actually know about its age? Source time, acquisition time and receive time differ; sampling and publishing intervals differ; arrival order is not occurrence order; and a value can look perfectly plausible long after it went stale. How Modbus, OPC UA, DNP3, IEC 104, IEC 61850, EtherNet/IP, PROFINET and CANopen help, and where they do not.
